| Section | Item | Value / Specification |
|---|---|---|
| Typical Applications | Description | Suitable for manufacturing high-temperature parts such as aero-engine combustion chamber flame tubes and guide vanes. |
| Applicable Processes | Process | SLM (Selective Laser Melting) |
| Chemical Composition (wt.%) | C | 0.05–0.15 |
| Ni | 20–24 | |
| Cr | 20–24 | |
| W | 13–16 | |
| La | 0.03–0.12 | |
| Fe | ≤ 3 | |
| Si | 0.2–0.5 | |
| N | ≤ 0.02 | |
| Co | Bal. | |
| Cu | ≤ 0.07 | |
| P | ≤ 0.02 | |
| S | ≤ 0.015 | |
| B | ≤ 0.015 | |
| Mn | ≤ 1.25 | |
| O | ≤ 0.02 | |
| Note: “/” indicates not specified or not applicable. | ||
| Physical Properties (Powder) | D10 (μm) | ≥ 15 |
| D50 (μm) | 30–40 | |
| D90 (μm) | ≤ 60 | |
| Sphericity | ≥ 0.9 | |
| Apparent Density (g/cm³) | ≥ 4.5 | |
| Tap Density (g/cm³) | ≥ 5.2 | |
| Flowability (s/50g) | ≤ 18 | |
| Mechanical Properties (Heat-Treated) | Test Temperature | Tensile Strength (MPa) |
| Room Temperature | ≥ 850 | |
| 980°C | ≥ 190 |
1. Advantages and Features of This Haynes 188 Powder
1.1 Optimized for Industrial Applications
Haynes 188 powder is specifically engineered for demanding high-temperature industrial applications, particularly in aerospace and energy sectors. Its composition and powder characteristics are optimized to produce critical components such as aero-engine combustion chamber flame tubes and guide vanes through SLM technology, ensuring superior performance in extreme thermal environments.
1.2 Excellent SLM Processability
The powder exhibits exceptional flowability (≤18 s/50g) and high sphericity (≥0.9), which are crucial parameters for consistent powder spreading and layer uniformity in SLM processes. The optimized particle size distribution (D10 ≥15 μm, D50 30–40 μm, D90 ≤60 μm) ensures excellent packing density and minimizes porosity in printed parts, resulting in superior surface finish and dimensional accuracy.
1.3 Robust Mechanical Performance
Haynes 188 powder delivers outstanding mechanical properties both at room temperature and elevated temperatures. After heat treatment, parts achieve tensile strength of ≥850 MPa and yield strength of ≥400 MPa at room temperature, while maintaining impressive performance at 980°C with tensile strength ≥190 MPa and yield strength ≥150 MPa. The high elongation (≥40.0%) at both temperatures ensures excellent ductility and resistance to thermal fatigue.
1.4 Stable Physical Properties
The powder demonstrates consistent physical characteristics with apparent density ≥4.5 g/cm³ and tap density ≥5.2 g/cm³, ensuring reliable powder bed formation and predictable melt pool behavior during SLM processing. These stable properties contribute to repeatable manufacturing outcomes and reduced process variability.
1.5 High Purity & Compositional Control
Manufactured with stringent quality control, Haynes 188 powder maintains tight compositional tolerances with minimal impurity levels. Critical elements are precisely controlled within specified ranges, while harmful impurities such as sulfur (≤0.015%), phosphorus (≤0.02%), and oxygen (≤0.02%) are kept to exceptionally low levels, ensuring optimal material performance and corrosion resistance.
2. Haynes 188 Powder Material Overview
2.1 Chemical Composition Characteristics
Haynes 188 is a cobalt-based superalloy with the following key compositional features:
- Base Element: Cobalt (Balance)
- Nickel (Ni): 20–24% – Provides solid solution strengthening and enhances high-temperature stability
- Chromium (Cr): 20–24% – Offers excellent oxidation and corrosion resistance
- Tungsten (W): 13–16% – Contributes to high-temperature strength and creep resistance
- Lanthanum (La): 0.03–0.12% – Improves oxidation resistance and grain boundary strengthening
- Carbon (C): 0.05–0.15% – Forms carbides for grain boundary strengthening
- Silicon (Si): 0.2–0.5% – Enhances oxidation resistance
- Trace Elements: Fe (≤3%), Mn (≤1.25%), Cu (≤0.07%), P (≤0.02%), S (≤0.015%), B (≤0.015%), N (≤0.02%), O (≤0.02%)
This balanced composition provides exceptional high-temperature strength, oxidation resistance, and thermal stability, making it ideal for SLM applications in extreme environments.
2.2 Powder Characteristics
The powder is engineered with specific physical properties optimized for SLM processing:
| Parameter | Specification | Significance |
|---|---|---|
| Particle Size D10 | ≥15 μm | Ensures adequate powder flow and prevents excessive fine particles |
| Particle Size D50 | 30–40 μm | Optimal median size for SLM layer thickness and melt pool control |
| Particle Size D90 | ≤60 μm | Limits oversized particles that could cause surface defects |
| Sphericity | ≥0.9 | Excellent spherical shape for consistent powder spreading |
| Apparent Density | ≥4.5 g/cm³ | Ensures proper powder bed formation and layer uniformity |
| Tap Density | ≥5.2 g/cm³ | High packing density reduces porosity in printed parts |
| Flowability | ≤18 s/50g | Superior flow characteristics for reliable powder delivery |
3. Technical Advantages
Haynes 188 powder offers several distinct technical advantages for SLM applications:
- High-Temperature Capability: Maintains mechanical integrity up to 980°C, making it suitable for turbine components and combustion systems
- Excellent Oxidation Resistance: Chromium and lanthanum content provide superior protection against high-temperature oxidation
- Superior Creep Resistance: Tungsten and carbon additions enhance resistance to deformation under sustained loads at elevated temperatures
- Good Fabrication Characteristics: Optimized powder properties ensure consistent SLM processing with minimal defects
- Thermal Fatigue Resistance: High ductility (≥40% elongation) allows for thermal cycling without catastrophic failure
- Corrosion Resistance: Balanced composition provides resistance to various corrosive environments encountered in aerospace applications
4. SLM Process Parameter Recommendations
Based on the powder characteristics, the following SLM process parameters are recommended:
Laser Parameters:
- Laser Power: 250–400 W (depending on layer thickness)
- Scan Speed: 800–1200 mm/s
- Hatch Spacing: 80–120 μm
- Layer Thickness: 30–50 μm (aligned with D50 particle size)
Build Environment:
- Atmosphere: Argon or nitrogen with oxygen content <100 ppm
- Build Plate Temperature: 80–120°C (to reduce residual stresses)
- Preheat Temperature: Optional, 150–200°C for large components
Scan Strategy:
- Pattern: Chessboard or stripe pattern with 67° rotation between layers
- Contour Scanning: 2–3 passes with reduced power for improved surface finish
- Support Structures: Required for overhangs >45°, optimized for easy removal
5. Post-Processing Procedures
Stress Relief:
- Temperature: 870–900°C
- Duration: 1–2 hours
- Cooling: Furnace cool to minimize residual stresses
Solution Heat Treatment:
- Temperature: 1175–1205°C
- Duration: 1–2 hours
- Cooling: Rapid air quench or water quench
Aging Treatment (Optional):
- Temperature: 760–815°C
- Duration: 8–16 hours
- Cooling: Air cool
Surface Finishing:
- Support Removal: Mechanical removal followed by abrasive blasting
- Surface Treatment: Electropolishing or chemical etching for critical applications
- Inspection: Non-destructive testing (NDT) including X-ray, ultrasonic, and dye penetrant testing
6. Performance Specifications
Mechanical Properties (After Heat Treatment):
| Test Temperature | Tensile Strength | Yield Strength | Elongation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Room Temperature | ≥850 MPa | ≥400 MPa | ≥40.0% |
| 980°C | ≥190 MPa | ≥150 MPa | ≥40.0% |
Physical Properties:
- Density: ~9.09 g/cm³ (theoretical)
- Melting Range: 1300–1370°C
- Thermal Expansion: 13.3 × 10⁻⁶/°C (20–100°C)
- Thermal Conductivity: ~12.1 W/m·K at 100°C
Environmental Resistance:
- Oxidation Resistance: Excellent up to 1095°C
- Corrosion Resistance: Good resistance to sulfur-bearing atmospheres and various acids
7. Application Areas
Haynes 188 powder is particularly well-suited for the following applications:
Aerospace:
- Combustion chamber components (flame tubes, liners)
- Turbine guide vanes and nozzles
- Afterburner components
- Exhaust system parts
Energy:
- Gas turbine components
- Heat exchanger parts
- Nuclear reactor components
- Industrial furnace fixtures
Industrial:
- High-temperature tooling
- Chemical processing equipment
- Petrochemical industry components
- Medical implant components (biocompatible grade)
8. Comparison with Similar Powders
vs. Inconel 718:
- Advantage: Haynes 188 offers superior oxidation resistance above 760°C
- Disadvantage: Lower strength at room temperature compared to aged Inconel 718
- Best For: Applications requiring extended service above 760°C
vs. Hastelloy X:
- Advantage: Haynes 188 has better high-temperature strength and creep resistance
- Disadvantage: Higher cost due to cobalt and tungsten content
- Best For: Critical components requiring maximum high-temperature performance
vs. CoCrW Alloys:
- Advantage: Haynes 188 offers superior oxidation resistance and higher temperature capability
- Disadvantage: More challenging to process due to higher melting point
- Best For: Extreme temperature applications in aerospace
9. Precautions
Handling and Storage:
- Store in sealed containers under dry, inert atmosphere
- Maintain relative humidity <40% to prevent moisture absorption
- Use appropriate PPE (gloves, masks) when handling powder
- Implement proper dust collection systems
Processing Safety:
- Ensure proper ventilation in SLM facility
- Monitor oxygen levels in build chamber (<100 ppm)
- Implement fire prevention measures for metal powder handling
- Follow manufacturer’s safety guidelines for equipment operation
Quality Control:
- Regular powder characterization (particle size, flowability, chemistry)
- Monitor powder reuse cycles (typically 3–5 builds maximum)
- Implement strict contamination control protocols
- Maintain detailed build records for traceability
10. Summary
Haynes 188 powder represents a premium material solution for SLM applications requiring exceptional high-temperature performance. Its optimized powder characteristics, including excellent flowability (≤18 s/50g), high sphericity (≥0.9), and controlled particle size distribution (D50: 30–40 μm), ensure reliable SLM processing with minimal defects.
The alloy’s balanced composition, featuring cobalt base with strategic additions of nickel, chromium, and tungsten, delivers outstanding mechanical properties at both room temperature (tensile strength ≥850 MPa) and elevated temperatures (980°C tensile strength ≥190 MPa). The high elongation (≥40.0%) at all temperatures ensures excellent ductility and thermal fatigue resistance.
With applications spanning aerospace combustion components, turbine parts, and high-temperature industrial equipment, Haynes 188 powder enables the production of complex, high-performance components that were previously impossible to manufacture using traditional methods. Its superior oxidation resistance, creep strength, and thermal stability make it the material of choice for the most demanding SLM applications.
11. Customization Services by Forgecise
Forgecise delivers comprehensive superalloy powder customization solutions, spanning the complete spectrum from standard high-temperature formulations to customer-specific high-performance nickel-based superalloys. We support mainstream superalloy grades including Haynes 230, Inconel series, and Hastelloy variants, with the capability to precisely tailor chemical composition, particle size distribution, sphericity, oxygen/nitrogen content, and thermal expansion coefficient to match your exact industrial and manufacturing requirements. Our superalloy powders are optimized for demanding additive manufacturing processes including SLM and EBM, ensuring consistent printability, high density, superior high-temperature mechanical properties, and reliable performance in your final aerospace, energy, and industrial components.
